Define the major styles in modern art and architecture: cubism, futurism, fauvism, nonobjective art, and the International style

What will be an ideal response?

The art of the early twentieth century came to challenge all that preceded it. Liberated by the camera from the necessity of imitating nature, avant-gardeartists no longer needed to faithfully recreate the visible world. They pioneered an authentic, "stripped down" style that, much like imagist poetry, evoked rather than described experience. They pursued the intrinsic qualities and essential meanings of their subject matter to arrive at a concentrated emotional experience. Abstraction—one of the central tenets of modernism—promised to purify nature so as to come closer to its true reality.
Cubism was a bold and? distinctive formal language that ?came to dramatically challenge the principles of Renaissance painting. In the cubist canvas, the recognizable world of the senses disappears beneath a scaffold of semitransparent planes and short, angular lines; ordinary objects are made to look as if they have exploded and been reassembled somewhat arbitrarily in geometric bits and pieces that rest on the surface of the picture plane. A multiplicity of viewpoints replaced one-point perspective.
Intrigued by the dynamism of modern technology, the avant-garde movement known as futurism emerged in Italy. Originally a literary movement, it soon came to embrace all the arts, including architecture, poetry, music, and film. Futurism was a style that linked contemporary expression to industry, technology, and urban life, emphasizing the sensation of motion and the speed and dynamism of automobiles, trains, and airplanes.
The fauvists, led by Henri Matisse, made color the principal feature of their canvases. In contrast to the postimpressionists, who had used color to evoke a mood or a symbolic image, the fauvists were concerned with color only as it served pictorial structure; their style featured bold spontaneity and the direct and instinctive application of pigment.
The process of abstraction culminated in nonobjective art, which sought to purge art of all recognizable subject matter. Wassily Kandinsky, Kasimir Malevich, and Piet Mondrian worked to create works whose purity would offer a spiritual remedy for the soullessness of modern life.
Architecture, too, responded to the new advancements in technology and science. Architects at the Bauhaus school united the technology of the machine age with the purest principles of functional design. Bauhaus architects launched the International stylein architecture, which brought to the marriage of structural steel, ferroconcrete, and sheet glass a formal precision and geometric austerity resembling a Mondrian painting. This fusion of functional space and minimal structure produced a purist style that paralleled the abstract trends in poetry, painting, and sculpture discussed earlier in this chapter.