The author argues that public administration is no longer simply a direct execution of governmental programs. Why is this? Does this pose any ethical challenges?

What will be an ideal response?

Public administration today is largely a “government by proxy” that includes complex partnerships among government agencies, the private sector, and nonprofits. Therefore, governments do not necessarily execute programs alone. They rely on a combination of actors at different times. This multiplies the problem of public ethics since many private and nonprofit employees find themselves doing public administration (under higher scrutiny) and they might not even realize it.