Jackie spent most of her time and energy shopping for various clothes and decorations for her home. She had numerous parties in order to show off her possessions and to increase her visibility in various social circles. Which of the following best describes Jackie?

A stimulus becomes a conditioned reinforcer

a. by being paired with a reinforcer. b. if it can overcome the blocking effect. c. by producing new URs. d. through superstition. e. in a closed genetic program.

Unrealistic optimism is related most closely to

(a) the fundamental attribution error (b) the positive attribution tendency (c) the illusion of control (d) internal positive attribution bias (e) a manifestation of the availability heuristic