When depository institutions have negative excess reserves, it indicates that the banking system is not "loaned up."

Assuming that there are NO income taxes, if both autonomous taxes, and government expenditures were to rise by $100 million, we would expect equilibrium GDP to

A) rise by $100 million. B) rise, but by a multiple of $100 million. C) rise by less than $100 million. D) remain unaffected because leakages have changed by the same amount.

If wealthy U.S. consumers save most of their tax cut, this means that, compared to government spending changes,

a. tax changes would have a higher multiplier effect. b. tax changes would have a weaker multiplier effect. c. government spending would have a weaker multiplier effect. d. U.S. consumers would spend all of their tax cut.