What term describes the understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change?

Research comparing psychological interventions (talk therapy) to biological interventions (medication) suggest that talk therapy affects the brain from the _____ ______, and biological interventions affects the brain from the _________ _________.

a. bottom up; top down b. top down; bottom up c. right to left; left to right d. left to right; right to left

Scientists who have studied pain mechanisms have discovered that

a. there is one set of receptors that responds to all forms of pain-producing stimuli. b. the location and intensity of pain is identified by mechanisms in the spinal cord. c. pain signals are sent to the central nervous system via two pathways. d. pain signals rarely reach the cerebral cortex of the brain.