Suppose current government spending increases and that individuals expect future government spending to increase. Given this information, in which of the following cases will output in the current period be more likely to increase?
A) Individuals consider only the short run effects of changes in future macro variables when forming expectations of future output and future interest rates.
B) Individuals consider only the medium run effects of changes in future macro variables when forming expectations of future output and future interest rates.
C) Individuals consider only the long run effects of changes in future macro variables when forming expectations of future output and future interest rates.
D) The output effects will be the same in B and C.
A
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To satisfy the admission criteria to the European Union, a country must meet all of the following, EXCEPT:
A) maintain an inflation that is equal to the average of the three lowest rates. B) maintain long-term interest rates equal to that of the three countries with the lowest inflation rates. C) maintain a pegged exchange rate, without any revision for two years. D) cut down taxes to the lowest possible level.
The "true" costs of inflation are:
A. lower relative prices. B. reduced economic growth and efficiency. C. a higher overall price level. D. higher relative prices.