Civil society refers to
a. interest groups that form around a particular issue or cause that they believe in and seek to influence government policy at the national level.
b. the part of the general population that tends to belong to politically-germane organizations and engage in high-effort participation, such as letter writing and protests.
c. the set of groups which are both autonomous from the state and which people join voluntarily.
d. informal networks sharing a common viewpoint, working to promote (or resist) certain political, economic, or social changes, and engaging in activities such as mass protests.
e. organizations whose members share concerns about an issue. They seek to shape government policies on this issue without seeking governmental office.
C
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Social media can foster virtual participation in groups, but the life span of these groups is __________
a. likely to be short b. likely to accelerate only after several years c. entirely based on the life spans of its youngest members d. entirely based on their initial success
The University of Michigan affirmative action cases reaffirmed the Supreme Court’s requirement that race-conscious policymaking is subject to “strict scrutiny.” Under “strict scrutiny,” the courts must ask whether a race-conscious policy is
a. sufficiently important to constitute a compelling government interest. b. narrowly tailored to advance a compelling government interest. c. adopted by all levels of government (i.e., national, state, and local). d. both a and b.