Roberto consumes Coke exclusively. He claims that there is a clear taste difference and that competing brands of cola leave an unsavory taste in his mouth. In a blind taste test, Roberto is found to prefer Coke to store-brand cola eight out of ten times. The results of Roberto's taste test would refute claims by critics of brand names that

a. consumers are always willing to pay more for brand names.
b. brand names cause consumers to perceive differences that do not really exist.
c. consumers with the lowest levels of income are the most likely to be influenced by brand name advertising.
d. brand names are a form of socially efficient advertising.

b