In the management of hierarchy, there is top management, followed by middle management, and lastly by first level management. Starting with top management and going down in the hierarchy, what type of planning is performed at each level?

Maintaining multiple copies of the same data in multiple information systems that can be independently updated commonly results in what information management problem?

a. Data isolation b. Data inconsistency c. Data devaluation d. Data compression

What is required in order for a court to issue an injunction?

A) A showing that the party requesting the injunction would suffer irreparable injury without the injunction B) Any breach of contract that causes injury to the other party will justify an injunction C) Any situation that entitles the award of specific performance D) Proof that the party requesting the injunction would win any breach of contract lawsuit E) Any breach of contract will justify an injunction