According to the New York Longitudinal Study, infants' temperaments can be classified by what age?

Jack and Jill are siblings being raised in a very active household. The family attends many sporting events and participates in a wide range of athletic activities. Which of the following would be the BEST example of a nonshared environment?

A) When they were toddlers, the family went on a five-day backpacking trip to Yellowstone. B) Their parents enforce a strict, daily regimen of at least thirty minutes of vigorous exercise. C) Their financial status allows the family to travel to upscale events, such as the Indianapolis 500 and the running of the bulls in Pamplona. D) Jack, a Special Olympian with Down syndrome, needs certain accommodations to participate in family sporting activities.

Just before or around the same time children learn to speak, they begin to use gestures to communicate. When a child uses a gesture to call attention to an object or event, that gesture is called

a. protodemonstrative behavior. c. protoimperative behavior. b. protodeclarative communication. d. prototypical communication.