Your friend tells you that "negative reinforcement is a type of punishment.". Explain why your friend is VERY WRONG about these concepts by giving the definition and an example of each of the following concepts: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment

What will be an ideal response?

Positive reinforcement occurs when a pleasant or desirable event follows a response and increases the frequency of the response occurring. Being praised for a behavior would be an example of positive reinforcement. Negative reinforcement also increases the frequency of response because making the response removes an unpleasant event. Thus, negative reinforcement increases responding by ending (negating, or taking away) discomfort. For example, if you have a headache and take an aspirin, your aspirin taking will be negatively reinforced if the headache stops. Likewise, a rat could be taught to press a bar to get food (positive reinforcement), or the rat could be given a continuous mild shock (through the floor of its cage) that is turned off by a bar press (negative reinforcement). Either way, the rat will learn to press the bar more often because it leads to a desired state of affairs (food or an end to pain). Many people mistake negative reinforcement for punishment. However, negative reinforcement increases responding, while punishment decreases responding. Positive punishment decreases the likelihood that the response will occur again by initiating (adding) discomfort. Spanking or scolding a child for his or her misbehavior would be examples of positive punishment if the misbehavior decreases. Punishment also occurs when a reinforcer or positive state of affairs is removed. This second type of punishment is called negative punishment or response cost. Examples of negative punishment would include privileges, money, or other positive things being taken away for making a particular response. The best-known form of response cost is time out, in which children are removed from situations that normally allow them to gain reinforcement. When your parents put you in time out by sending you to your room, they denied you the reinforcement of being with the rest of your family or hanging out with your friends.