________ protects against passive attacks (eavesdropping).

Uncertainty avoidance is defined as _____.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Alternative hypothesis

a. is the value of a variable that is estimated from a sample. b. is the true value of a variable. c. states that there is a relationship between two variables d. is the actual value of a variable, which can only be known by collecting data from every member of the relevant population e. is notated as H0