Which program evaluation design often cannot definitively attribute improvements in relevant conditions to the program’s operation?

Congress has made several efforts to apply ¬¬¬¬¬¬__________ to Social Security entitlements—that is, to link benefits to income and provide payments only to the "truly disadvantaged"—

but such efforts have failed owing to successful lobbying by senior citizen groups. a. Lemmon testing b. scrutiny testing c. litmus testing d. social security testing. e. means testing

According to the authors, which of the following is NOT a function of legislatures?

a. Representation b. Deliberation c. Legislation d. Ultra vires