A drawback in using primary punishers and primary reinforcers in research is that:
a. they are not as effective as secondary reinforcers in conditioning procedures.
b. using primary punishers or taking away a primary reinforcer is sometimes not ethical.
c. the experimenter must first make sure that the stimulus has acquired reinforcing properties.
d. they are more likely than other punishers and reinforcers to lead to superstitious behaviors.
Answer: b
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According to the article The Nose Knows about the ability of mothers to detect the scent of their babies, in the main study where mothers and non mothers tried to recognize several odors _____ performed above the chance level
(a) mothers, but only when detecting infant scent (b) non-mothers, but only with lotion scents (c) mothers and non-mothers, but only with infant scent (d) mothers and non-mothers with all scents
Kelly's personal construct theory posits that
A) a specific set of traits are necessary to explain an individual's personality. B) people work hard to create other "persons" whom they can interact with. C) individuals are largely immune to influences of their environments. D) people work hard to actively create their own personalities. E) people actively endeavor to make sense of their worlds.