A sign of weak democratization in Russia can be seen in the fact that

a. voter turnout has been low.
b. no new parties have been formed since the creation of United Russia.
c. national election laws effectively disqualify small national parties and regional parties.
d. although the country has held regular elections, Russia has yet to experience a real transfer of power from one political grouping to another.
e. new parties cannot be formed without the consent of the government.

d