Females who were exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES; synthetic estrogen) in the womb are less likely to identify as bisexual or lesbian compared with those females not exposed to DES

Using punishment can be "habit forming" because putting a stop to someone else's irritating behavior can

a. positively reinforce the person who applied the punishment. b. negatively reinforce the person who applied the punishment. c. encourage the person to use punishment less often in the future. d. lead to the liberal use of positive reinforcers.

Lena falls down a flight of stairs. The impact of the fall results in the loss of voluntary muscle movement below her neck. Which of the following conditions is Lena suffering from?

A. salmonella B. Crohn's disease C. Turner syndrome D. quadriplegia