Which of the following has NOT been a factor in the growth of interest groups?

Which of the following is NOT typical of American interest groups?

A) They frequently look to the bureaucracy or the judicial process to achieve their policy goals. B) They run their own slate of candidates for office in many parts of the country. C) Most have a handful of key policies to push, and are policy experts in those areas. D) Unlike political parties, they are not faced with the constraint of trying to appeal to everyone. E) They mostly represent diffuse, non-economic interests.

In terms of measuring the preferences of constituents, the deeper challenge with elections is that they tend to ______.

a. involve issues that are important to the candidates but have no relevance to the voters b. revolve around a small set of issues for which voters have intense preferences c. measure only a snapshot of public opinion at one particular point in time d. fail to take into account the reasons people vote in the first place