In 2003 the U.S. Supreme Court revisited the Bakke decision in the case of Grutter v. Bollinger. What was the Court’s ruling in this 2003 case concerning affirmative action?
a. It reversed Bakke and stated that such programs punish non-minorities who played no role at all in the original discriminatory practices.
b. It ruled that the racial divide that exists in this country may be exacerbated by affirmative action.
c. It ruled that affirmative action programs are explicit racial classifications, and as such they violate the principle of a “color-blind” society.
d. It ruled that economically privileged African Americans who do not need such assistance may benefit at the expense of less privileged African Americans who have greater needs.
e. It reaffirmed the ruling in Bakke that allows race to be used as one of several positive factors in the admission process.
ANS: E
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