Which of the following may be explained by adverse selection?

a. When banks raise the interest rate on loans, high-risk applicants leave the market.
b. When health insurance companies decrease insurance charges but increase deductibles, less healthy people are more willing to purchase insurance.
c. As the cost of insurance rises, low-risk applicants reduce their coverage.
d. Products are sold at prices that reflect their true value.
e. Loan companies do not require down payments.

c