Which quality is not one of the four characteristics of transformational leaders?

A camp leader repeatedly hugs a camper after she helps her friend. Each time, the camper is embarrassed and shies away from future acts of assistance. In the example, "Hugging the camper" is _______

a. a positive reinforcer b. a primary reinforcer c. a punishment d. none of the above

John dreamed that he was in a train that entered a tunnel. If a psychologist believed that the dream expressed John's unconscious sexual desires, the psychologist would likely be a _________

a. humanist b. learning theorist c. personologist d. psychoanalyst