An F ratio may never be used on data from a matched-subjects design

Ivan Pavlov used the term unconditioned to refer to . . .

A) a stimulus or event that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated. B) learning from the consequences of behavior. C) the process in which reinforcement is used to sculpt new responses out of old ones. D) stimuli and the automatic, involuntary responses they caused.

An advantage of a using multiple independent variables includes the fact that

a. with different participants in each group, you generally can obtain more data from fewer participants. b. you can spot quantitative differences in behaviors more easily. c. you can treat a qualitative variable as if it were a quantitative variable. d. you can identify changes in patterns of responses on one variable across different levels of an independent variable.