The first mass political parties, which included ordinary voters as well as elected officials, were formed in the Jacksonian period

The policy-making stage of ______ is where regulations are adopted, money is spent, and the approved government actions are set in motion.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Intense partisanship can lead to an inability of Congress to pass legislation, known as ______.

a. constituent backlash b. partisan polarization c. representative demographics d. gridlock