The study of the behavior of human and nonhuman animals in the natural environment, without any manipulation of variables, is called

Based on Oye's discussion of payoff structures, two states in an open alliance would be

a. not likely to act any differently from two states in a secret alliance. b. less likely to betray each other because the payoff for defection would decrease. c. less likely to betray each other because the payoff of cooperation would increase. d. more likely to betray each other because the payoff of cooperation would decrease. e. more likely to betray each other because bilateral strategies offer no substantial payoff in a multilateral world.

South Africa’s economy and population are smaller than that of Nigeria. Why, then, is it included as one of the BRICS?

It has a powerful military able to project power regionally It has a close economic relationship with China, which has huge financial interests in the country in fields such as mining, banking and infrastructure projects It is heavily involved in UN peacekeeping operations in Africa It is a nuclear weapon state