In 2006 and again in 2008, voters seemed to punish __________ by voting against candidates from his party.

Which of the following is a major criticism of Super PACs?

a. It is questionable whether they are truly independent of candidates. b. They have little influence on elections, compared to other types of PACs and interest groups. c. They are overwhelmingly biased in favor of Democrats. d. They have little knowledge of the electoral process.

The increased use of factorial designs in research has come about largely because they are

A) less complicated to analyze. B) more sensitive than other designs to the effects of the independent variable. C) better at testing several causal hypotheses within a single design. D) used by all important psychologists.