Congress frequently requires states to provide specific programs—for example, services to indigent mothers, and clean air and water. These requirements are called ________

Article I of the Constitution prohibits which of the following, which makes an act punishable as a crime even if the act was legal when it was committed?

a. writs of habeas corpus b. bills of attainder c. ex post facto laws d. procedural guarantees

Which of the following has significantly contributed to increased partisan polarization in the United States?

a. government shutdowns b. filibustering c. gerrymandering d. the rise of "purple" states