Briefly compare the culture-as-variable perspective with the culture-as-root metaphor perspective
What will be an ideal response?
The culture-as-root-metaphor perspective treats culture as something the
organization is. This perspective "promotes a view of organizations as expressive forms,
manifestations of human consciousness" (Smircich, 1983, p. 347), as opposed to treating
the organization as a material entity such as a machine or organism. Treating the
organization in this way yields a complexity and human nature that is missing when an
organization is considered to be a material entity.
Whereas the culture-as-variable perspective considers culture to be a managerial tool, and
rituals, stories, legends, gossip, and other symbols as "culture itself," the root-metaphor
perspective treats culture as the process of sense-making created and sustained through
communication and interaction. Rituals, stories, and so on, are very important to this
perspective, but they are considered "generative processes that yield and shape meanings
and... are fundamental to the very existence of organization"
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The belief that individuals underestimate the impact media have on them personally but overestimate the impact media messages have on other people is called the
A) aggressive stimulation theory. B) consistency theory. C) third-person effect. D) selective exposure.
What criteria does your book offer for using movement during your presentation?
a. Move around as much as possible. b. No movement is better than random, distracting movement. c. Most American audiences expect a certain amount of distance, so stay back by the lectern. d. Spontaneous, unmotivated movement is recommended.