Ruth has just given birth to a baby girl. Right away, it appears that something is wrong—the child looks odd. She has a small head, widely spaced eyes, and a flattened nose. What are the doctors most likely to suspect?

a. Ruth consumed considerable quantities of alcohol during the pregnancy.
b. Ruth had rubella during the second month of her pregnancy.
c. Ruth had syphilis and did not seek treatment for it.
d. Ruth did not eat properly throughout the pregnancy.

a