Attorneys make arguments to the U.S. circuit courts primarily through

In Miller v. California (1973) the Supreme Court stated that the "basic guidelines" that the "trier of fact" must follow in an obscenity case include the determination of whether the work in question

a. is indecent. b. shocks the conscience of the average adult. c. lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value. d. is utterly without redeeming social importance.

Yates v. United States effectively ended

a. defense of faith-based newspapers. b. prosecutions under the Smith Act. c. school prayer. d. the fear of Communism. e. votes cast by illegal aliens.