Recall the research conducted by Bartlett et al. (2005) on the influence of action figures on male body image
If participants completed the first experimental condition of handling highly muscular action figures first and the second experimental condition of handling moderately muscular action second, a decrease in self-esteem in the second condition could be due to exposure to the highly muscular action figures from the first condition. When this occurs, a researcher would be concerned about __________.
a. practice effects.
b. presentation effects.
c. carry over effects.
d. all of the above.
C
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The research community recognizes clear prohibitions when recognizing research ethics including all of these EXCEPT
A) never cause unnecessary or irreversible harm to research participants. B) never unnecessarily humiliate or degrade research participants. C) never release harmful information about specific individuals collected for research purposes. D) voluntary consent is sometimes needed.
When we calculate reliability, we know the observed score. What are the two unknown components of the reliability equation?
a) method and error scores
b) means and standard deviations
c) test-retest and inter-rater scores
d) true and error scores