Which of the following are indications for self-expanding metallic stent placement?
1. Extrinsic compression of central airways
2. Stabilizing airway patency after endoscopic removal of an intrinsic tumor
3. Sealing fistula between the lung and the gastrointestinal tract
4. Managing benign central airway obstruction
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: B
The indications for SEMS placement include (1) extrinsic compression of central airways; (2) sta-bilizing airway patency after endoscopic removal of an intrinsic tumor; (3) sealing fistula between the lung and the gastrointestinal tract; and (4) managing of post-lung transplant anastomotic complications. SEMS is rarely used in benign central airway obstruction because there is high risk for stent-related granulation tissue formation.
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