When an experimenter can confidently state that the findings from an experiment are due to the independent variable and not due to other, uncontrolled factors, the research is considered

What is the typical dependent variable used in studies of the operant conditioning of lever pressing in rats?

a. the number of responses per minute b. the cumulative record of lever presses c. the average intensity of lever presses d. none of the above

Mike, a seventh-grader, is on the playground. Mike has started pushing another student around and has punched him twice when a teacher intervenes. Mike tries to explain his aggressiveness by saying,

"I wanted his coat – I was cold." This is an example of ________. A) hostile attributional bias B) Type B personality C) Type A personality D) instrumental aggression E) hostile aggression