When researchers compared two groups of older adults, those 74–84 and those 85–92, the older group showed higher scores for ________

In Bandura's Bobo doll experiments

a. children who saw an adult hitting the Bobo doll were more aggressive when they had a chance to play with the Bobo doll than children who watched non-aggressive adult models b. this modeling effect was not found if the children watched the adults being aggressive in a film c. Bandura's study demonstrated observational learning d. some of the above e. all of the above

The reference-group effect can make cross-cultural comparisons of personality traits based on self-reports __________

a. impossible b. difficult c. easy d. invalid