A(n) ______ is essentially a simulation of the spatial relations, events, and processes.

Suppose that laboratory animals are taught that a tone predicts food delivery. Then, a light is added as a second CS and they are given additional trials paired with food. If the animals now are tested with the light alone, they will

a. salivate more to the light than when it was presented with the tone. b. salivate equally to the light as they did to the tone. c. salivate to the light, but less quickly than they did to the tone. d. not salivate to the light.

In Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study of the effect that teacher expectations had on the performance of selected elementary school students, the changes in student intellectual performance were attributed to the

a. way that the teachers behaved toward the special students. b. ability of the psychological tests to predict who the "academic spurters" were likely to be. c. support that was given to the special students by their peers. d. removal of the "normal" students from the classroom.