The ____ element of an argument indicates the strength of an assertion

As an advocate for a proposition of fact, you may use presumption as a way of

identifying common practices and experiences that relate to your subject. What other use might you make of presumption? (a) Presumption may be used as a method for analyzing your audience to discover what sources of information and what kinds of reasoning the audience will find most credible for arguments on this subject. (b) Presumption may be used to discover the issues and their supporting arguments that will encourage the audience to accept that the primary inference for your proposition of fact is probably true. (c) Presumption may be used to locate an immediate cause that signifies something important about the topic. (d) Presumption may be used to determine what objections the opposition may raise so that you can develop preemptive arguments.

There are two stock issues for arguing factual propositions. The first stock issue

asks: "What information confirms or denies the alleged relationship between the subject and the predicate of the primary inference?" What is the second stock issue? (a) By what criteria is the alleged factual relationship located in a hierarchy of acceptable fact? (b) What techniques of reasoning should be used to demonstrate this relationship? (c) What are the consequences of accepting this relationship as probably true? (d) What hierarchy of acceptable fact does the relationship exist in?