What is an amicus curiae brief?
a. a written argument submitted to a court in support of one side of a case
b. an internal memo circulated among interest group leaders, briefing them on the details of a court case
c. a petition submitted to Congress in support of or opposition to a judicial nominee
d. a petition submitted to an executive branch agency, requesting a review of the agency's decision.
a
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Why did the Supreme Court strike down an affirmative action program in Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) but uphold a different affirmative action program in Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. The Gratz program was predicated on promoting diversity, while the Grutter program was predicated on remedying past discrimination. b. The Gratz program used race as a "plus factor," while the Grutter program relied on a race-based quota system. c. The Gratz program used a mechanical, point-based system, while the Grutter program used race as part of an individualized, holistic review. d. The Gratz program classified applicants by race, while the Grutter program classified applicants by ethnicity.
Elected and appointed officials are included in the _____ component of American political parties.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).