On any given Piagetian task of formal operations, the success rate among late adolescents and adults is only about ____

The family of a patient about to undergo electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is concerned about how the treatment will affect their loved one's memory. They meet with the psychiatrist and ask questions. What is the psychiatrist likely to tell them?

a. "Memory problems are typically of short duration." b. "Although there will be some loss of memory, the patients rarely complain." c. "Although there are serious memory losses, the benefits of treatment outweigh these losses." d. "The memory problems are actually a benefit because they keep negative memories out of consciousness."

Later studies utilizing the visual cliff paradigm showed the importance of disentangling depth perception from the emotion of ______

a. surprise d. fear c. desire d. interest