If Billy tells his friend that he intends to vote for a certain candidate, then Billy's intention reflects a(n) ________

Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad

Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior? a. classical conditioning b. innate learning c. negative punishment d. instinctive drift e. stimulus discrimination

____ is the use of a substance to relieve an unpleasant emotional state such as sadness, anxiety, stress, or loneliness, whereas ____ takes place when a person has come to depend on regular use of substances to feel good physically or psychologically

a. Experimental substance use; social substance use b. Social substance use; experimental substance use c. Medicinal substance use; addictive substance use d. Addictive substance use; medicinal substance use