If there is no deviance from a causal explanation proposed by a historical comparative researcher, their causal approach is ______.

By the seventeenth century, Parliament considered itself coequal with the monarch and even supreme in what area of rule?

A) Taxes B) War C) Law D) Welfare

In their study of influences on violent crime in Chicago neighborhoods, Robert Sampson, Stephen Raudenbush, and Felton Earls (1997, p. 919) hypothesized that efficacy would influence neighborhood crime rates. Collective efficacy was defined conceptually as a characteristic of the neighborhood: the extent to which residents were likely to help other residents and were trusted by other residents. To test this hypothesis, the researchers surveyed individuals from different neighborhoods. What is the unit of analysis in this study?

A. individuals B. neighborhoods C. crime rates D. collective efficacy scores