Placebos are used in experiments to
a. control for the variability of individuals who tend to volunteer for research studies
b. control for the expectations of some research participants that they will improve just because they are in a research study.
c. help determine whether an independent variable actually causes a statistically significant change in a dependent variable.
d. make certain that the treatment and control group are randomly selected.
b
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Behavior is more likely to reoccur if
A) there is intrinsic reinforcement. B) it has been reinforced. C) it is extinct. D) it has been punished.
With regard to intelligence tests, such as the Wechsler and Binet tests, it can be concluded that
a. there are rather large inequities based on age and gender. b. these intelligence tests may not be equally valid for all groups. c. these intelligence tests have been found to be fair for all cultures. d. Eastern cultures, such as China and Japan, score much higher than all Western cultures.