Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's postconventional level of moral reasoning?
a. Moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.
b. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.
c. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.
d. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.
A. Moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.
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When you are visiting friends who just had a newborn, you notice that the baby is lying face-down in her crib. What do you tell your friends?
a. That their daughter looks peacefully asleep. b. That this is the best position for an infant to be in. c. That they need to have her on her back because lying face-down puts her at risk for SIDS. d. Their daughter might grow up with a flat nose from being laid on her stomach.
In a study of 12-month-old babies using the visual cliff, researchers found that none of the infants crossed to the "deep" side
A) when their mothers displayed sadness. B) when their mothers displayed interest. C) when their mothers displayed fear. D) when their mothers displayed anger.