Baby Luigi retrieves his pacifier, which his mother has hidden behind a pillow. Luigi has begun to master

Allen, a White high-school student, is competing with Kim Jong, an Asian-American student for a spot on the school's mathematics team

Allen is aware of recent research demonstrating that Asian students typically perform better on math problems than do American students. This knowledge could affect Allen's performance because stereotype threat can ________. A) occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do better B) occur among dominant group members if a comparison is based on an aspect of performance on which the dominant group is expected to do worse C) occur among dominant group members only if other members of the dominant group are not present in the audience D) not occur among dominant group members E) only occur among dominant group members under extremely high levels of stress

Which of the following statements is most valid?

a. drug tolerance always precedes physical dependence to the drug b. the development of drug tolerance always indicates physical dependence c. physical dependence may occur without any observable drug tolerance d. both a and b above