If A is related to B and C is related to A, then A and C are both exerting what type of effect on B?

Members to the Japanese House of Representatives are elected using a mixed member proportional (MMP) system, which means that

a. a portion of the members (about one-third) are appointed by party leaders rather than being elected. b. each voter casts two ballots, one for a candidate in a single member district and one for a party in a proportional representation (PR) district. c. voters in urban areas use a PR system, while voters in rural areas use a single member plurality (SMP) system. d. voters in urban areas use a SMP system, while those in rural areas use a PR system. e. each voter casts one ballot for a particular candidate and that vote may not be transferred to another candidate even of the same party.

What is a presidential doctrine as it relates to foreign policy? In what ways do doctrines influence defense and security policy? Use examples where necessary.

What will be an ideal response?