If one score is randomly selected from a normal distribution with µ = 100 and ? = 20, the probability of obtaining a score less than X = 130 is p = 0.9987

Cognitive dissonance is defined as a state of tension that occurs:

a. whenever a person is motivated to change his or her attitudes. b. when a person thinks and acts irrationally. c. when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent. d. when a person is unaware of his or her conflicting cognitions.

To become a more sophisticated and critical thinker one should

a. remember that correlation is the same as causation. b. accept obvious explanations rather than seeking alternatives. c. avoid being concerned with operational definitions of concepts. d. consider first how to disprove a theory before seeking confirming evidence.