Intermediate goods and services are excluded in the calculation of GDP

Which of the following explains why two firms, Apex and Bongo, would engage in implicit collusion, rather than explicit collusion?

A) Implicit collusion always has an enforcement mechanism that forces both firms to collude; explicit collusion does not have an enforcement mechanism. B) Implicit collusion is less costly to both firms than explicit collusion; therefore, profits will be greater for both firms if they engage in implicit collusion. C) Implicit collusion allows Apex to increase its profits at the expense of Bongo without Bongo knowing that collusion has occurred; if Apex engages in explicit collusion, Bongo will realize collusion has taken place and retaliate against Apex. D) explicit collusion is illegal; if the managers of Apex and Bongo engage in implicit collusion they may be within the law.

Suppose the Euros per Canadian dollar exchange rate is 4 . The aggregate price level in France is 100, and the aggregate price level in Canada is 80 . The real exchange rate between the two countries is _____

a. 2.5 b. 3.2 c. 5 d. 2.4