According to your text there are three conditions for making justified claims of cause and effect. Which of the following is NOT one of these conditions?
a. the independent and dependent variables must be related
b. the dependent variable must be manipulated by the researcher
c. the independent variable must precede the dependent variable
d. no other plausible explanations for the relation between the independent and dependent variables should exist
B
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Under the nation's system of federalism, each state has a. the same constitution and judicial system as the federal government. b. the same constitution and judicial system as the other states
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