During a discussion with some friends just prior to a school election, Sandra states that she is certain she will be devastated for months if she isn't elected class president. This is an example of

Betty is a smoker. She realizes that smoking is bad for her: however, she also feels being overweight is equally bad, and smoking helps her keep her weight down, so she chooses to continue. Betty is engaging in the reduction of __________

a) cognitive dissonance. b) persuasion. c) altruism. d) rationalization.

A professor considers the difference of validity of his mid-term exam between male and female students. This professor is dealing with

a. range restriction. b. confusion between predictor and criterion. c. differential prediction. d. face validity.