A political researcher is studying the relationship between religious views and political views. However, the researcher believes that gender might affect the way that religious views and political views are related to one another; that is females and males might have different patterns of linkages between religious views and political views. In this situation, what kind of variable is gender?

Which of the following changes occurred during 1960s in the Catholic Church?

A. The Church stopped lobbying for a democratic form of government. B. The Church adopted a firm pro-democracy stand. C. The Church prohibited the nomination of a cardinal from a democratic country. D. The Church strengthened its stand against religious freedom. E. The Church supported communist atheism and totalitarianism

Independent political expenditures have been ______.

a. protected by the courts b. criticized by the courts c. struck down by the courts d. ignored by the courts