The basic dynamics of domestic policy often lead to increases in presidential power over Congress. How do the budgetary powers of the president illustrate this concept? Use examples where appropriate
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should:
a. Discuss how one of the more important tools that presidents have in domestic policymaking is their control over proposal of the federal budget and how this allows them to set the terms of the debate with respect to the budget's basic infrastructure, priorities, and policy commitments.
b. Explain how this was not always the case because until the twentieth century, Congress created budget proposals and exercised budget controlthrough a series of uncoordinated, haphazard executive branch officials submitting budget requests directly to numerous congressional committees. Note thateven though government and the budget were relatively small, this was incredibly inefficient, and that the inefficiency increased with the addition of the income tax and America's entry into WWI, sparking early battles between President Taft and Congress.
c. Evaluate how the passage of the Budget and AccountingAct gave the president the formal responsibility to propose a budget and how subsequent presidents such as Roosevelt, Eisenhower, and Kennedy used the budget process to advocate for their policy initiatives, examples of which include moving the Bureau of the Budget to the EOP, the New Look program, and the use of the budget as a means to stimulate the economy, respectively.
d.Describe how Congress attempted to resist the expansion of presidential powers in the 1970s with the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act,noting that while Congress may have regained some power, presidents have continued to expand their influence over policy through various means, such as a president's ability to veto a budget they do not like, using supplemental appropriations, and classifying certain items as black budget and making them immune from congressional oversight.
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Why has a possible Iranian nuclear bomb been such a concern to major powers and its neighbors, despite the fact that its spiritual leader suggests that nuclear weapons are forbidden under Islamic law?
a. because Iran has ballistic missiles capable of striking nearly any Middle Eastern target, while its leaders have used hostile language in regard to neighboring Israel and Saudi Arabia b. because Iran has expressed its desire to become a regional hegemon over time c. because its leaders have repeatedly suggested that Iran’s signing of a 1968 nuclear disarmament treaty no longer matters, since the action was taken under the previous regime d. because Western leaders and Iran’s neighbors would have limited options in trying to stop it from building or acquiring a nuclear weapon