Scotomas are normally identified and characterized by a __________ test

One of the reasons it is difficult to study the developmental course of maltreatment is that:

a. maltreatment may be only one of several risk factors in a child's life. b. many types of abuse are difficult to detect before a child is diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder. c. maltreatment usually occurs before a child has sufficient coping strategies to buffer its long-term impact. d. it is a diagnostic category that is often overused.

_____ validity is the extent to which a measuring instrument accurately predicts behavior or ability in a given area

a. Content b. Face c. Criterion d. Construct