Which is a symptom SPECIFICALLY of late-stage dementia?

The use of psychoactive drugs for non-medicinal purposes

a. is a relatively recent phenomenon, dating back only about 300 years b. has generally been restricted to Western cultures c. has been noted to occur in many cultures across many centuries d. began with the use of caffeine in the Middle East

For a given raw score to be converted into a z score, one must know both

the mean and standard deviation of the raw score distribution. Indicate whether the statement is true or false